maubere digital army


Your viewpoint on my viewpoint
Juli 21, 2006, 1:39 am
Diarsipkan di bawah: Catatan Dari Dili, Notes From Dili

Rahung Nasution

Letter to Jude Conway, a friend in Darwin

Jude, my dear friend, I remember when you visited Dili two years ago. It was in Farol at the Sahe Institute for Liberation, which has since changed its name to Institutu Edukasaun Popular. It was a brief courteous exchange…

Before I go on and answer your letter, there are two reasons why I felt I had to write Around Golpe In Miles Davis’ Trumpet, published on Paras Indonesia website. First, I am suspicious to corporate media. Second, I wanted to write about experiences of people around me. If both were to be combined: I wanted to write something personal while trying to understand this rather complex madness. I didn’t dare to draw any conclusions in a hurry.

I agree, it’s true, democracy allows for a regime and leadership change by taking it to the streets. Not just through the ballot box or Parliamentary mayhem. What happened to PM Marí Alkatiri also happened to leaders in Thailand, Phillipines, Indonesia, and, if Australian believed in street parliament, this can also befall PM John Howard. Even more so if it is helped by the power of corporate media.

In the case of Alkatiri’s resignation, he wasn’t just sacked by the minority opposition parties, rebel soldiers and his various mistakes such as you mentioned in your letter. I also think this happened thanks to the great power of corporate media, among others, ABC, through their Four Corners programme.

Evidence of what was thought as Alkatiri’s involvement in the matter of weapons distribution: a secret letter from the PNTL Commander Paul Fatima Martins, a document from the ‘Fretilin Secret Security Team’ – which bears no signature and the contents of which weren’t shown in full – about weapons distribution, a staged shooting scene, and an SMS from Alkatiri to Comandante Railos which said: “Where are you going?”

Based on ABC’s Liz Jackson’s ‘investigation,’ President Xanana Gusmão sent a letter to Alkatiri which asked him to step down. And then on RTTL, on 22 June, a ‘surprise’ speech by Xanana Gusmão was aired. That speech mentioned bloodthirsty powers, Fretilin congress participants who received weapons, illegal congresses, SMS’s to PM Alkatiri reporting President’s activities, etc, etc.

Unfortunaley, I do not have access to sources like you do – which you said was information from a trusted ‘left’ comrade who has close contact with Timorese soldiers. That is why I have to be careful about what I write. Dili is chock-full of rumours which certainly cannot be regarded as ‘information’.

If I use this ‘information’ from your ‘left’ comrades in my writing, it would come out exactly as the rumours that have been flying around and accusations from the petitioners which, as of yet, remain unproven. Strangely enough, the petitioners also reject the forming of a commission of inquiry to address the problems that they brought up. Alkatiri did not fire 591 petitioning soldiers, as the corporate media both in Indonesia and Australia say. The decision came from the F-FDTL headquarters, then led by Alkatiri and also Ramos-Horta.

If the issue of ‘discrimination’ was raised by the petitioning soldiers, indeed, there is some basis to it. But if the issue of Lorosa’e (eastern region) versus Loromonu (western region) is raised, seems like it has hit the wrong target.

Ever since F-FDTL institution was formed, problems began to appear. That was during UNTAET administration, in 2001, and Alkatiri was not yet the Prime Minister. This military institution was formed based on a study conducted by King’s College. Back then, there were former guerillas who were dissatisfied with this process and chose to become civilians. They came from both regions, Lorosa’e and Loromonu: Comandante Eli Foho Rai Boot and Renan, Ersnesto Dudu and Samba 9.

For those who did not pass through recruitment process and did not meet standards, they were ‘reintegrated’ to the community. This process involved advisors from Australia and Portugal, and was funded by the World Bank and handled by IOM. So, this institution, which was already problematic, was formed with the approval of Xanana Gusmão, who was then the chairman of the National Council.

Dear Jude, I did hear rumours, and many say that there has been harsh treatment from the commanders to soldiers from Loromonu.

But according to F-FDTL Commander, Taur Matan Ruak, Lieutenant Gastão Salsinha, who later became the spokesperson of the 591 petitioning soldiers and joind rebel soldiers Major Alfredo Reinado, Major Tara and Major Marcos, has had problems with the illegal sandalwood business. This was revealed by Brigadier Ruak on RTTL television, just days after the demonstration led by Lieutenant Salsinha turned violent. For his involvement in sandalwood business, this officer was not given a promotion. His planned study to Portugal was also cancelled by F-FDTL headquarters.

This illegal sandalwood business, again according to rumours, involved the then interior minister, Rogério Lobato.

A more thrilling rumour, Major Kaikeri from F-FDTL, who died during the shootout in Tibar with Railos’ group, was one of the key figures in this illegal sandalwood business. This rumour is too hot. And lets not forget, Railos’ confession about weapons being distributed by Alkatiri appeared in the corporate media after Rogério Lobato became a suspect.

So, let’s leave it at that with the rumours and let’s go back to the problem of nepotism within F-FDTL, like you mentioned in your letter. If we look into the issue of ranks in F-FDTL, there are many F-FDTL officers who did not come from Lorosa’e. For example, Major Alfredo Reinado, Major Marcos Tilman, Major Tara (Augusto de Araújo), Lieutenant Salsinha, Lieutenant Colonel Pedro Klamar Fuik (Donaciano Gomes) and Lieutenant Colonel Filomeno Paixão. Too bad you did not specify in your letter what sort of nepotism was referred to by your ‘left’ friend. I’m curious, could it be that your ‘left’ friend is also part of this madness?

Just recently, Bob Lowry, the former Australian military Advisor for Timor-Leste in 2002-03, in a seminar held at the Australian National University, said that he had once suggested that Alkatiri retire all F-FDTL officers who are former guerillas. If that was done, it would be likely that Colonel Pedro Klamar Fuik and Major Alfredo Reinado would rise through the ranks to lead F-FDTL.

To me, this problem is quite complex, rather intricate. And it would be too simplistic if everything is thrown at Alkatiri. Add to that old problems. Back then, during resistance, there were also promises that still remain promises today and have disappointed many young people. For example, that after independence, those who fought will live and prosper, own a good house… Such promises were given by the organisers of the underground resistance (clandestine) to persuade the young to fight for independence.

Jude, my kind friend, about the issue of weapons. I never tried to close my eyes on that. NGOs in Timor-Leste have raised this issue, including Institutu Edukasaun Popular. Back then Ramos-Horta responded, “If anything happens along the borders, are NGOs ready to face that? NGOs better stick to problems in the villages…”

Now, what does Alkatiri hope to achieve by eliminating his political opponents, all while his party is the majority and in the congress he was reelected as the secretary general? And then, why did Comandante Railos, who was told to kill Alkatiri’s political opponents, actually fought against F-FDTL, who are thought to have close ties to Alkatiri?

What are the indications that caused you to conclude that Rogério Lobato was the one to take care of dirty jobs ordered by Alkatiri? Rogério Lobato is an influential figure amongst former Falintil, and it is this influence that he used when he returned to Timor-Leste to gain his position in power. Organising them and using them.

And then, what makes all this even stranger and more complex, all armed powers (outside of the official F-FDTL) are powers that unseated Alkatiri, that took Alkatiri down… It’s complex, Jude!

Two years ago, Pedrito Vieira took part in the protest against the meeting between Xanana Gusmão and the Indonesian presidential candidate General Wiranto who has a record of crimes in Timor-Leste, and Maleve was a delegate from Lospalos in the Fretilin Congress in Dili, 17-19 May.

Y’know Jude, my dear friend, supporting a number of Alkatiri’s policies doesn’t automatically make one a pro-Fretilin supporter. And in case one day Nuno Rodrigues chooses to become a Fretilin militant, like what Adérito de Jesus Soares—the former director of Sahe Institute who now joined the Fretilin minority mudança group—chose way back when, I don’t think there’s anything wrong with it. That is their political choice. And Jude, my friend, you need not doubt the independence of our viewpoints on the problems going on these days. We too never tried to conceal anything for any ideological reasons. Our criticism of Fretilin has been clear: this party has turned into an electoral machine just like any other party. The difference is, Fretilin is a historical party with a majority support.

Alkatiri’s policies supported by IEP include free education, free healthcare, nutrition improvements for school children, keeping oil proceeds in the Petroleum Fund, refusing debt from the World Bank. Besides supporting these policies, IEP, together with other NGOs, is also concerned with the immigration law, defamation law, reconciliation without justice as promoted by Xanana and Horta, privatization and all sorts of political manoeuvres, which in the end will only disadvantage people at large.

If, in the end, the courts could prove that Alkatiri was involved in weapons distribution, we would certainly not support what he has done in that regard. He must be punished, and we must make sure that the law is not just a piece of used toilet paper. However, the abovementioned policies, in our opinion, are still good for the people.

Jude, my kind friend, on the 4th of July, in Obrigado Barracks, during the meeting between the civil population and UN envoy Ian Martin, Christopher Henry Samsom, the director of NGO LABEH, said: “NGOs keep weapons in their offices.” What a dangerous piece of ‘information’ this is to many people. Usually, the corporate media would just eat it raw. Some would just close their eyes. The impact of such misleading ‘information’ is what I wanted to write about.

After the arrival of Australian troops on 25 May and the withdrawal of F-FDTL from Dili on 26 May, the torching of houses in Dili was done because the perpetrators thought the owners kept guns. The targets of this arson are people who have family or friends in F-FDTL. This was ignored by the corporate media who, misleadingly, described this as a “Lorosae vs Loromono”conflict, as if there’s been burning contest between these two ‘factions’ here.

Jude, my dear friend, I’m convinced that something stinks with calumny. By writing about it, we have tried to fight something that’s really low and malicious!



Cara Pandangmu dalam Cara Pandangku
Juli 18, 2006, 9:38 am
Diarsipkan di bawah: Catatan Dari Dili, Notes From Dili

Rahung Nasution

Surat buat Jude Conway

Jude yang baik, dua tahun yang lalu, aku masih ingat ketika kamu berkunjung ke Dili. Saat itu di Farol dan Sahe Institute for Liberation, belum berganti nama jadi Institutu Edukasaun Popular. Sebuah tegur sapa yang ringkas…

Sebelum menjawab suratmu, ada dua alasan kenapa aku merasa perlu untuk menulis Around Golpe In Miles Davis’ Trumpet, dimuat Paras Indonesia. Pertama, aku curiga pada korporasi media. Yang kedua, aku ingin menulis yang dialami orang-orang di sekitarku. Jika kedua alasan itu aku gabungkan: aku ingin menulis sesuatu yang personal sambil mencoba memahami berbagai kegilaan yang cukup kompleks ini. Aku tidak berani dengan tergesa-gesa, mengambil kesimpulan-kesimpulan.

Aku setuju, memang, demokrasi memungkinkan terjadinya pergantian rezim dan kepemimpinan melalui jalanan. Bukan hanya melalui kotak suara atau kericuhan di Parlemen. Yang terjadi pada mantan PM Mari Alkatiri, juga terjadi pada pemimpin di Thailand, di Filipina, di Indonesia dan seandainya masyarakat Australia percaya pada parlemen jalanan, juga bisa menimpa PM John Howard. Apalagi dibantu oleh kekuasaan korporasi media.

Dalam kasus mundurnya Alkatiri, dia bukan hanya dijatuhkan oleh minoritas partai oposisi, tentara yang memberontak atau berbagai kekeliruannya sendiri seperti yang kamu sebutkan dalam suratmu. Aku pikir, juga karena hebatnya kekuasaan media korporat. Salah satunya, ABC, melalui program Four Corners.

Bukti-bukti yang dianggap sebagai keterlibatan Alkatiri dalam soal bagi-bagi senjata: sepucuk surat rahasia dari Komandan PNTL Paul Fatima Martins, satu dokumen dari ‘Tim Keamanan Rahasia Fretilin’ – yang tidak ada tandatangannya dan tidak ditunjukkan isinya secara lengkap – tentang pembagian senjata, satu adegan tembak-menembak yang direkayasa, dan satu SMS Alkatiri ke Comandante Railos yang isinya: “Anda mau ke mana?”

Berdasarkan ‘investigasi’ Liz Jackson dari ABC, Presiden Xanana Gusmão mengirimkan surat kepada Alkatiri yang memintanya mengundurkan diri. Kemudian melalui RTTL, 22 Juni, muncul pidato ‘yang tak terduga’ presiden Xanana Gusmão. Di pidato itu disebut-sebut kekuasaan yang haus darah, peserta kongres Fretilin yang dapat senjata, kongres ilegal, SMS-SMS kepada PM Alkatiri yang melaporkan aktivitas presiden, dst, dst.

Sayang sekali, aku tidak punya narasumber seperti yang kamu miliki—yang kamu sebut informasi dari kawan ‘kiri’ yang dipercaya dan punya kontak dekat tentara-tentara Timor. Makanya dalam menulis, aku perlu hati-hati. Dili ada segudang rumor dan tentunya tak layak disebut sebagai informasi.

Jika ‘informasi’ kawan ‘kiri’mu itu aku jadikan bahan untuk menulis, isinya sama persis dengan desas-desus yang beredar dan tuduhan para petisioner yang hingga sekarang belum ada buktinya? Anehnya, petisioner juga menolak komisi penyelidik yang dibentuk untuk menangani masalah yang mereka ajukan. Alkatiri tidak memecat 591 tentara petisioner, seperti yang diberitakan korporat media di Indonesia dan juga di Australia. Keputuasan itu dari markas F-FDTL, ketika itu Ramos-Horta juga mendukungnya.

Jika masalah ‘diskriminasi’ yang diangkat tentara petisioner, memang, ada dasarnya. Namun jika isu Lorosa’e (wilayah timur) versus Loromonu (asal wilayah barat) yang diangkat, sepetinya isu ini tidak tepat sasaran.

Sejak awal dibentuknya institusi F-FDTL, sudah muncul persoalan. Ketika itu, pada jaman kekuasaan UNTAET, tahun 2001, dan Alkatiri belum menjadi Perdana Menteri. Institusi militer ini dibentuk berdasarkan satu studi yang dilakukan oleh King’s College. Saat itu, ada mantan-mantan gerilyawan yang kecewa dengan proses ini dan memilih untuk kembali menjadi orang sipil. Mereka bisa berasal dari kedua wilayah, Lorosa’e dan Loromunu: Comandante Eli Foho Rai Boot dan Renan, Ersnesto Dudu dan Samba 9.

Bagi yang tidak lolos perekrutan karena tidak memenuhi standar, diintegrasikan kembali ke masyrakat. Proses ini melibatkan penasehat-penasehat dari Australia dan Portugal. Program reintegrasi didanai Bank Dunia dan ditangani IOM. Jadi, insitusi yang kemudian bermasalah ini dibentuk dengan persetujuan Xanana Gusmão, yang saat itu menjabat sebagai ketua Dewan Nasional.

Jude yang baik, memang rumor yang kudengar, banyak yang bilang ada perlakuan dari komandan-komandan yang ‘kasar’ kepada prajurit-prajurit yang berasal wllayah Loromonu.

Namun menurut Panglima F-FDTL Taur Matan Ruak, Letnan Gastão Salsinha yang kemudian jadi juru bicara 591 tentara petisioner dan bergabung dengan tentara pemberontak Mayor Alfreido, Mayor Tara dan Major Marcos, punya masalah dengan bisnis ilegal kayu cendana. Ini diugkapkan Brigadir Ruak di televisi RTTL, beberapa hari setelah demonstrasi pimpinan Letnan Salsinha berubah menjadi kekerasan. Karena keterlibatan dalam urusan cendana, perwira ini tidak dinaikkan pangkatnya. Rencana studinya ke Portugal juga dibatalkan oleh markas besar F-FDTL.

Bisnis ilegal cendana ini, lagi-lagi menurut rumor, melibatkan menteri dalam negeri waktu itu, Rogério Lobato.
Rumor yang lebih seru lagi, Mayor Kaikeri dari F-FDTL, yang meninggal ketika tembak-menembak di Tibar dengan kelompok Railos adalah salah satu tokoh kunci dalam urusan bisnis ilegal cendana ini. Rumor ini terlalu panas. Dan jangan lupa, pengakuan Railos tentang pembagian senjata dari Alkatiri muncul di media korporat, setelah Rogério Lobato jadi tersangka.

So, kita biarkan dulu rumor tersebut dan kembali keurusan nepotisme di F-FDTL, seperti yang kamu sebut dalam suratmu. Jika kita telusuri masalah kepangkatan di F-FDTL, ada banyak periwira di F-FDTL yang bukan dari wilayah Lorosa’e. Misalnya, Mayor Alfredo Reinado, Mayor Marcos Tilman, Mayor Tara (Augusto de Araújo), Letnan Salsinha, Letnan Kolonel Pedro Klamar Fuik (Donaciano Gomes) dan Letnan Kolonel Filomeno Paixão. Sayang sekali, dalam suratmu kamu tidak menyebutkan nepotisme seperti apa yang disebut narasumber kawan ‘kirimu’ itu. Aku jadi curiga, jangan-jangan kawan ‘kirimu’ itu juga bagian dari kegilaan ini.

Baru-baru ini, Bob Lowry mantan penasehat militer Australia untuk Timor-Leste pada 2002-23, di salah satu seminar di Australian National University, mengatakan bahwa dia pernah mengusulkan agar Alkatiri mempensiunkan saja semua perwira pimpinan F-FDTL yang dulunya gerilyawan. Jika hal ini ditempuh, kemungkinan yang akan menjadi pimpinan di F-FDTL adalah Letnan Kolonel Pedro Klamar Fuik dan Major Alfredo Reinado.

Bagiku permasalahan ini cukup kompleks, rumit. Terlalu sederhana jika semuanya dicampakkan pada seorang Alkatiri. Ditambah lagi dengan persoalan-persoalan masa lalu. Dulu, pada masa resistensi juga ada janji-janji, yang sampai hari ini belum terealisir dan menyebabkan banyak pemuda jadi kecewa. Misalnya setelah meredeka, yang berjuang akan hidup enak, rumah bagus… Janji semacam ini diberikan oleh para organisator perlawanan bawah tanah (clandestina) untuk menarik pemuda-pemuda agar mau berjuang unuk kemerdekaan.

Jude yang baik, mengenai persoalan senjata, aku tidak mencoba menutup mata. NGO-NGO di Timor-Leste pernah mempersoalkan ini, temasuk Institutu Edukasaun Popular. Ketika itu Ramos-Horta menjawab, “Jika terjadi sesuatu di perbatasan apakah NGO yang akan menghadapi? Sebaiknya NGO mengurus persoalan-persoalan yang ada di desa-desa…”

Sekarang, perlu apa kiranya Alkatiri untuk menghabisi lawan-lawan politiknya, sementara partainya mayoritas dan di kongres ia terpilih kembali menjadi sekretaris jenderal? Selanjutnya, kenapa Comandante Railos yang disuruh membunuh lawan-lawan politik Alkatiri justru bertempur melawan F-FDTL, yang konon juga punya hubungan yang dekat dengan Alkatiri?

Indikasi apa yang membuat kamu mengambil kesimpulan bahwa Rogerio Lobato mengerjakan kerja-kerja kotor yang diperintahkan Alkatiri? Rogerio Lobato adalah orang yang cukup berpengaruh dikalangan mantan Falintil dan pengaruh inilah yang dia pakai ketika dia kembali ke Timor-Leste untuk mendapatkan posisi kekuasaanya. Mengorganisir mereka dan memakainya.

Kemudian yang menjadikan semua ini menjadi semakin aneh dan lebih kompleks lagi, semua kekuatan yang bersenjata (di luar F-FDTL yang resmi) adalah kekuatan-kekuatan yang mendongkel Alkatiri, yang menjatuhkan Alkatiri… Kompleks, Jude.

Dalam artikelku, aku tidak menyebut Institutu Edukasaun Popular (IEP) dalah pro-Fretilin. Nuno Rodrigues, koordinator Institutu Edukasaun Popular, yang mendukung beberapa kebijkan politik Alkatiri dituduh membagi-bagikan duit kepada demonstran-demonstran Fretilin pro-Alkatiri di Lospalos. Selanjutnya, dua kawan militan Fretilin, Pedrito Vieira dan Maleve dituduh menyimpan senjata.

Dua tahun yang lalu, Pedrito Vieira ikut mendemo pertemuan Xanana Gusmão dengan calon presiden Indonesia Jenderal Wiranto yang punya rekor kejahatan di Timor-Leste dan Maleve adalah seorang delegasi dari Lospalos dalam kongres Fretilin di Dili, 17-19 Mei.

Jadi kawan Jude yang baik, mendukung beberapa kebijakan Alkatiri tidak serta merta menjadi pro-Fretilin. Dan jikapun suatu saat, Nuno Rodrigues, memilih menjadi militan Fretilin, seperti yang dulu dipilih Adérito de Jesus Soares, mantan direktur Sahe Institute yang sekarang gabung dalam kelompok minoritas Fretilin mudança, aku pikir tidak ada salahnya. Itu pilihan politik mereka, dan kawan Jude tidak perlu meragukan independensi kami melihat persoalan-persoalan yang terjadi saat ini. Kami juga tidak mencoba menyembunyikan sesuatu karena alasan-alasan ideologis. Kritik kami terhadap Fretlin selama ini jelas: partai ini telah menjadi elektoral mesin seperti partai-partai lainnya. Bedanya adalah, Fretilin partai historis yang mendapat dukungan mayoritas.

Kebijakan politik Alkatiri yang didukung IEP adalah kebijakan sekolah gratis, kesehatan gratis, perbaikan gizi anak sekolah, menyimpan dana hasil minyak dalam Petroleum Fund, tidak menghutang pada Bank Dunia. Selain dukungan pada kebijakan tersebut, IEP dengan NGO lainnya, juga khawatir pada undang-undang imigrasi, pencemaran nama baik, rekonsiliasi tanpa keadilan yang dipromosikian Xanana dan Horta, swastanisasi dan segala macam manuver politik yang akhirnya hanya merugikan rakyat banyak.

Jika nanti pengadilan membuktikan Alkatiri terlibat dalam soal pembagian senjata, jelas kami tidak akan mendukung perbuatannya itu. Harus dihukum dan dipastikan bahwa undang-undang berbeda dengan selembar tissue bekas!

Namun kebijakan politik yang aku sebut diatas, menurut kami tetap baik buat rakyat banyak.

Jude yang baik, pada 4 Juli, di Origado Barak, pada pertemuan masyarakat sipil dengan utusan PBB, Ian Martin, Christopher Henry Samsom, direktur NGO LABEH mengatakan: “NGO memiliki senjata di tempat kerja mereka.”

Betapa berbahanya ‘informasi’ semacam ini. Biasanya korporat media melahapnya mentah-mentah. Bahkan ada yang menutup mata. Dampak dari ‘informasi’ sesat semacam inilah yang ingin kutulis.

Setelah kedatangan tentara Australia pada 25 Mei dan ditariknya F-FDTL dari Dili pada 26 Mei, pembakaran rumah-rumah di Dili dilakukan karena para pelakunya menuduh pemilik rumah menyimpan senjata. Sasaran pembakaran ini adalah orang-orang yang punya keluarga atau teman anggota F-FDTL. Ini tidak disorot media korporat, yang dengan menyesatkan malah menggambarkannya sebagai konflik “Lorosae vs Loromono” seolah-olah terjadi saling membakar antara kedua kubu itu di sini.

Kawan yang baik, Jude, aku yakin ada sesuatu yang busuk dalam fitnah. Dengan menuliskannya, kita telah berusaha melawan sesuatu yang nista!



Socrates, McCarthy’s Ghosts and Soeharto’s Demons
Juli 15, 2006, 11:01 am
Diarsipkan di bawah: Catatan Dari Dili, Notes From Dili

Rahung Nasution

Sacred spirits and departed souls, wake up and and look at this People! The bones scattered around the land, stand up; the blood shed all over the land, unite and see those who want to destroy this people and who want to continue to subject this people to suffering and let the people die. Show yourselves up, show [ us] your strength! I, your son, am here, demanding you to look after these people, to liberate them from power of those who are bloodthirsty.

- Speech of President Xanana Gusmão on 22 June 2006

I just learned that a president, it turns out, doesn’t just look after a country, but he also has the powers to rally otherwordly beings.

But if Socrates visited Dili three weeks ago, he would not have found awoken spirits of patriots coming down from Mount Matebean. And there was no souls of Santa Cruz martyrs roaming the streets.

It could just be that in front of Palacio do Governo, Socrates would be shocked to find tanks and foreign troops, and gangs of angry youths with banners cursing rather than voicing political demands: ”Alkatiri Laos Ema, Nia Diabo”—Alkatiri is not Human, He is Devil. There, also, rebel soldiers leading demonstrations. Elderly and little children paraded in trucks around the city. Some carried Australian flags: “Alkatili Komunista!”, “Alkatili Telolista!”, “Atuun Alkatili!”

More creative banners showed Alkatiri as half-animal with a human head (not exactly a Greek god), locked in a doggy style with the former Interior Minister Rogério Tiago Lobato. In another Alkatiri is pictured commanding chicken and rabbits.

This young republic is surely rumbling. Earlier, June 22th on RTTL, President Xanana Gusmão was fabling: “In 1989, while I was in Ainaro, I received a letter from Rogério Lobato accusing all those overseas of doing nothing, and also stated that once the war was over, everyone should be subjected to a public tribunal. It was Rogério who informed me, through that same letter, that Marí Alkatiri was busy caring for his rabbits and chickens in Maputo.”

Socrates did not believe that small people, the Maubere in Fretilin vernacular, similar to the Marhaen in Sukarno’s vocabulary, could participate in politics. But in the 19th century, that bushy guy Marx suggested a revolution led by vagrants, the proletariat. “Proletariats of the world, unite!”

Various experiments followed—the Soviet Marxist-Leninist model, China a la Mao Zedong, Nicaragua with the Sandinistas, and so on and so forth.

And then the awkward Soviet model collapsed and supporters of Sandinista in Nicaragua had to accept defeat: “We were born poor and will be satisfied dying poor. We never get in bed with power,” said Daniel Ortega in 1990, refusing to feel sorry about the democratic vote that ended Sandinista’s 10 years in power.

Mari Alkatiri, accused by the gangs that unseated him as “Terrorist” and “Mozambiquean Marxist,” is clearly no Ortega. In Timor-Leste, there is no proletariat referred to in the Communist Manifesto. And the Maubere are not Sandinista who won power through revolution by mobilizing armed farmers from their Central American mountainous bases. To each his own steppes, fields, mountains, gardens, trees, rocks, goats…

But Marxism-Leninism was once inherent to Fretilin indeed: in 1977, when Xanana Gusmão was a member of the Central Committee. That ideological orientation was later abandoned because it ran out of fashion. It was never clear why that ideology was chosen in the first place anyways. A lot of it is still cloudy.. All we knew then was to carry on with the guerilla while negotiating and bringing all sides—who fought each other in 1975—to sit together in CNRM-CNRT, Unidade Nasional. And lest we forget, Alkatiri was among the designers of CNRT Magna Carta.

Nowadays, even if there are individuals or political parties in Timor-Leste that are somehow connected to Marxism-Leninism, it would be the Timor Socialist Party (PST) who has exactly one seat in the Parliament—and that one seat had to be squeezed out of Fretilin’s vote leftovers.

In a CAVR public hearing two years ago, Alkatiri said “I am a social-democrat.” Sympathetic Australian academics, Tim Anderson and Helen Hill, say that Alkatiri is an economic nationalist: a person who fights for his nation’s economic sovereignty and opposes foreign economic domination. But the bigwig of Australian Democratic Socialist Party, who has close ties with PST, Max Lane, thinks that he “is just like Ramos-Horta. Nationalist doesn’t mean anti-imperialist!”

Whatever Alkatiri is, he became Prime Minister because Fretilin won democratic elections facilitated by the United Nations in 2001. He was then forced to step down by a minority opposition and a group of deserter soldiers, amidst accusations of arming civilians, and being both a terrorist and a communist. The world stood silent and the former comandante da luta, President Xanana Gusmão, bestowed his blessing, even encouraged Alkatiri’s resignation.

“I am willing to resign so that the President will not… .” Alkatiri, indeed no valiant Ortega.

It seems that Alkatiri could do no right. Apparently, in a country where cockfighting is popular, someone has just cast a fistfull of corns towards the eager cocks. The loser will most definitely be slaughtered. Perhaps because this peculiar cock once fought in Mozambique, the meat is not so tasty, hence only worthy of a trash bin!

And the majority Fretilin party appears wounded, forced to accept the clearly undemocratic reality. The constitution of this state does say it’s a ‘democratic’ country. So now political parties are peddling democracy to people who number less than one million.

But had Socrates visited Dili in April, perhaps he would become suspicious of democracy even more. Pungent stench hung in the air. First, rumors of a civil war were passed around, through SMS. Then provocative pamphlets began appearing. And then bullets began flying in the outskirts of Dili. Soldiers dead. Police slaughtered. People fleeing their homes.

Then hit-lists of politicians began circulating. Then lists of people keeping guns. Terror soon began ogling, sniffing: “Are you Lorosae or Loromunu?”; “Iraq or America”; “Firaku or Kaladi”; “There are guns in that house”; and finally “Fretilin pro Alkatiri?”

My friend Socrates, since you did not come to visit Dili from times before Christ, I only want to tell you: “Living in this century, democracy is something we cannot avoid. And very often we choose to betray it. If life was wrinkles of fiction, I would like to write a chapter about your visit to a city of ghosts.”

It was the 1950’s. In a continent called America (land of the free), Senator Joseph McCarthy became wary of ghosts creeping into the American society. Artists, journalists, activists, academics, were bewitched by these ghosts. Then in 1960’s, as if rising out of the netherworld, these ghosts began roaming in the Dutch-East Indies, which was then already known as Indonesia.

In a rich country where the majority of its population is poor, these ghosts faced uniformed demons led by General Soeharto producing a calamitous number of victims. Some say between 500 thousand to one million lives were slaughtered in the course of three months, mostly sympathizers of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI)— once the largest, and legal, partywhich was later cursed and banned. They say the reason Indonesian military invaded Timor-Leste was also because this former Portuguese colony was plagued by these communist ghosts. It is rather curious that in 2006, in independent Timor-Leste, these ghosts can roam once again.

And Socrates, my friend, I just learned that this ghost, it turns out, has a new ally—terrorists!

SOCRATES, HANTU MCCARTHY DAN JIN SOEHARTO

Rahung Nasution

Roh-roh suci dan jiwa-jiwa yang telah pergi, bangun dan perhatikan rakyat! Tulang-tulang yang tersebar di tanah, berdirilah; darah yang telah ditumpahkan di seluruh negeri, bersatulah lagi dan lihat siapa yang mau menghancurkan rakyat ini dan siapa yang mau terus membuat rakyat ini menderita dan membiarkan rakyat mati. Tunjukkan diri kalian, tunjukkan [kepada kami] kekuatan kalian! Aku, anakmu, di sini, menuntutmu untuk memperhatikan rakyat ini, untuk membebaskan mereka dari kekuasaan mereka yang haus darah.
- Pidato Presiden Xanana Gusmao pada 22 Juni 2006

Aku baru tahu, seorang presiden, ternyata, bukan hanya mengurus negara, tapi juga punya kekuasaan untuk memerintah mahluk-mahluk yang tak terlihat.

Tapi jika Socrates, yang hidup di abad sebelum Masehi, berkujung ke Dili tiga minggu yang lalu, dia tidak akan menemukan arwah-arwah para patriot yang bangkit dari gunung Matabean. Juga tidak ada roh-roh para martir dari makam Santa Cruz yang berkeliaran di jalanan.

Bisa jadi, di depan Palacio Governu, Socrates akan terkejut bertemu tank-tank tentara asing, gerombolan pemuda yang marah dengan spanduk-spanduk, yang lebih tepat disebut caci-maki daripada tuntutan politik: ”Alkatiri Laos Ema, Nia Diabo”—Alkatiri Bukan Manusia, Dia Setan. Juga ada tentara pemberontak yang memimpin demonstrasi, kakek-nenek dan anak-anak kecil yang diangkut dengan truk keliling-keliling kota, ada yang membawa bendera Australia: “Alkatili Komunista!”, “Alkatili Telolista!”, “Atuun Alkatili!”

Pada adegan selanjutnya, Socrates akan melihat Alkatiri yang digambarkan berbadan separoh binatang berkepala manusia (bukan seperti dewa-dewi Yunani), sedang melakukan adegan sexual (doggie style) dengan mantan Menteri Dalam Negeri Rogério Tiago Lobato. Ada juga spanduk yang menggambarkan Alkatiri sedang memerintah ayam dan kelinci.

Rupanya republik yang muda ini sedang bergemuruh. Sebelumnya di televisi RTTL, 20 Juni, Presiden Xanana Gusmao, berkisah: “Tahun 1989, ketika saya di Ainaro, saya menerima surat dari Rogério Lobato yang menuduh semua yang di luar negeri tidak melakukan apa-apa, dan juga mengatakan bahwa kalau perang sudah selesai, semua orang harus diajukan ke pengadilan rakyat. Rogério Lobato yang memberi tahu saya, melalui surat tersebut, bahwa Marí Alkatiri sibuk memelihara kelinci dan ayam di Maputo”.

Jika tiga minggu yang lalu Socrates berkunjung ke Dili, berpas-pasan dengan knalpot-knalpot motor yang meraung-raung dan bertemu dengan ribuan pengungsi yang meninggalkan rumah, apa kiranya yang dia pikirkan tentang demokrasi?

Socrates tidak percaya bahwa rakyat kecil, kaum maubere dalam istilah Fretilin dan mirip marhaen dalam istilah Soekarno, bisa dilibatkan dalam partisipasi politik. Namun di abad ke-19, si brewok Karl Marx, mengajurkan revolusi kelas yang dipimpin kaum gembel, kaum proletar. “Bersatulah kaum buruh sedunia!”

Partai-partai komunis, yang jadi pelopor kaum proletar mencoba berbagai experimen—model Marxist-Leninist Soviet, Cina ala Mao Zedong, Nicaragua dengan kaum sandinista dan seterusnya dan seterusnya.

Kemudian model negara Soviet yang dipaksakan runtuh dan pendukung sandinista di Nicuaragua harus menerima kekalahan: “Kami lahir miskin dan akan puas mati miskin. Kami tidak pernah kawin dengan kekuasaan,” Daniel Ortega, pada tahun 1990, tidak meratapi pemilu demokratis yang mengakhiri 10 tahun kekuasaan sandinista yang terus-terusan diganggu oleh kalangan oposisi, blokade ekonomi dan milisi bersenjata Contra yang dibiayai Amerika dan dilatih CIA.

Mari Alkatiri yang dituding komplotan yang mendongkelnya sebagai “Teroris” dan “Marxist Mozambique”, jelas bukan Daniel Ortega. Di Timor-Leste, tidak ada kaum proletar seperti yang dimaksud Manifesto Komunis. Kaum maubere juga bukan sandinista yang memenangkan kekuasaan melului jalan revolusi dengan mengorganisir petani-petani bersenjata dari basisnya di pegunungan Amerika Tengah. Masing-masing punya stepanya sendiri, ladang-ladangnya, gunung-gunungnya, lubuk-lubuknya, pohon-pohonnya, batu-batunya, kambing-kambingnya—yang masing-masing berbeda.

Timor-Leste, bekas koloni Portugis, merdeka karena dukungan rakyat terhadap perjuangan kemerdekaan itu sendiri. Mungkin banyak orang di Indonesia menganggapnya sebagai kecerobohan Habibie sambil melupakan kebrutalan tentara Indonesia selama 24 tahun pendudukan. Memang ada perjuangan melalui bedil dan yang tersisa setelah penghancuran basis-basis perjuangan di awal tahun 1980an, hanya sekian ratus pucuk pada gerilwayan Falintil. Kemudian ada frente klandestina, frente diplomatica dan demonstrasi-demonstrasi yang diorganisir pemuda dan mahasiswa—di Dili, di pulau Jawa dan juga di tempat-tempat lainnya.

Tapi, Marxis-Leninis memang pernah menempel pada Fretilin. Tahun 1977, saat itu Xanana Gusmao merupakan salah satu anggota Komite Sentral. Orientasi ideologi ini kemudian ditinggalkan karena tidak lagi uptodate. Belum jelas juga kenapa ideologi ini pernah dipilih. Masih banyak yang kabur. Masih banyak yang buram dan lembaran sejarah belum mengungkapkannya. Yang kita ketahui kemudian adalah bergerilya sambil negosiasi dan menghimpun segala kekuatan—yang pernah bertikai di tahun 1975—untuk duduk bersama dalam CNRM-CNRT, Unidade Nasional. Dan kita tidak boleh lupa, Alkatiri merupakan salah satu penggagas Piagam Magna Charta CNRT.

Sekarang, kalaupun ada individu atau partai politik di Timor-Leste yang masih berhubungan dengan Marxisme-Leninisme, itu adalah Partai Sosialis Timor (PST) yang mendapat satu kursi di Parlemen—dan kuota untuk mendapat satu kursi itu, harus didongkrak dari sisa-sisa suara yang diperoleh Fretilin. Sekarang kita tidak tahu, apakah di Timor-Leste, Marxisme-Leninisme juga merupakan satu dosa pikiran, akan diharamkan seperti di Jaman Orde Baru?

Pada public hearing CAVR dua tahun yang lalu, “Saya pengikut sosial-demokrat,” begitu Alkatiri pernah mengungkap. Akademisi Australia, Tim Anderson dan Helen Hill dengan bersimpatik mengatakan Alkatiri nasionalis ekonomi. Seorang yang memperjuangkan kedaulatan negaranya dan nenentang dominasi kekuatan asing. Tapi gembong Democratic Socialist Party (DSP) Australia, yang punya hubungan dekat dengan PST, Max Lane, menuding “Alkatiri sama saja dengan Ramos-Horta. Nasionalis tidak berarti anti imperialis!”

Siapapun Alkatiri, ia menjadi perdana menteri karena Fretilin memenangkan pemilu yang demokratis yang difasilitasi PBB, di tahun 2001. Kemudian dipaksa mundur oleh kalangan minoritas oposisi dan sekelompok tentara yang memberontak. Dituduh mempersenjatai sipil, teroris dan komunis. Dunia bungkam dan mantan comandante da luta Presiden Xanana Gusmao merestui, bahkan yang menganjurkan pengunduran Alkatiri.

“Saya bersedia mundur agar presiden tidak mengundurkan diri…” memang Alkatiri tidak segagah Ortega dan dunia pun tidak terharu seperti menyaksikan kekalahan yang diterima kaum sandinista.

Bagi sebagian orang, sepertinya apa pun yang dilakukan Alkatiri semuanya salah. Sepertinya, di negeri yang penduduknya gemar menyabung ayam ini, ada yang melempar jagung untuk jago-jago yang siap diadu. Yang kalah jelas akan disembelih. Mungkin karena ayam jagonya pernah bertarung di Mozombique, dagingnya kurang lezat, alot dan keras. Maka ada yang ingin mencapkkannya. Seperti sampah!

Dan partai mayoritas Fretilin, seperti terluka kena panah. Dipaksa harus menerima kenyataan yang jelas-jelas tidak demokratis. Konstitusi negara ini memang menyebut negara ‘demokratis’. Maka partai-partai politik pun berjualan demokrasi kepada penduduk yang jumlahnya tidak lebih dari satu juta manusia.

Namun jika kunjungan Socrates ke Dili di mulai dari bulan April, Socrates mungkin semakin mencurigai demokrasi. Ada semacam bau busuk yang mencemari udara. Awalnya adalah rumor tentang perang saudara yang mampir dikuping, juga melalui SMS-SMS. Lantas muncul pamflet-pamflet hasutan. Kemudian di pinggiran kota Dili peluru bertaburan. Tentara yang mati. Polisi yang dibantai. Penduduk mengungsi dan ketakutan meninggalkan rumah (ada yang dijarah, dibakar dan kemudian diduduki orang lain).

Selanjutnya bereder daftar-daftar politisi yang akan dibunuh. Juga ada dafta-daftar orang-orang yang punya senjata. Lantas teror mengintai-mengendus: “Apakah kamu Lorosae atau Loromunu?”; “Irak atau Amerika”; “Firaku atau Kaladi”; “Di rumah itu ada senjata”; dan akhirnya “Fretilin pro Alkatiri?”

Kawanku Socrates, karena kamu tidak datang berkunjung ke Dili, dari abad sebelum Masehi, aku hanya ingin mengatakan kepadamu: “Hidup di abad ini, demokrasi adalah sesuatu yang tak dapat dihindari. Dan kita lebih sering memilih untuk mengkhianatinya. Seandainya hidup ini merupakan lipatan-lipatan dunia fiksi, aku ingin menulis drama satu babak tentang kunjunganmu ke sebuah kota yang dihuni para hantu. Bukan ke Dili. Namun ke satu kota hantu yang benar-benar dihuni para hantu dan pikiran penduduknya terus-terusan dihantui.

Alkisah, di sebuah benua yang bernama Amerika (tanah air bagi yang merindukan kebebasan), tahun 1950an. Joseph McCarthy, senator Partai Republik mencurigai ada hantu-hantu yang merasuki masyarakat Amerika. Seniman, jurnalis, aktivis, akademisi dituduh atau dicurigai punya hubungan dengan gerakan komunisme, adalah orang-orang yang dirasuki hantu-hantu jahat. Kemudian seperti muncul dari dunia gaib, tahun 1965, hantu-hantu ini gentayangan di Hindia-Belanda yang ketika itu sudah bernama Indonesia.

Di negeri yang kaya dan mayoritas rakyatnya miskin tertindas, hantu-hantu ini berhadapan dengan jin-jin berseragam yang dipimpin Jendral Soeharto, tentu saja mendapat bimbingan CIA, dan kemudian menemukan korbannya yang dahsyat. Ada yang bilang 500 ribu sampai satu juta manusia dibantai dalam tiga bulan. Mereka adalah simpatisan Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI), yang ketika itu merupakan salah satu partai legal dan terbesar, atau mereka-mereka yang dicurigai punya hubungan dengan organisasi yang kemudian dikutuk dan diharamkan ini. Konon katanya, militer Indonesia juga menginvasi Timor-Leste karena wilayah setengah pulau yang pernah dijajah Portugis ini, juga sudah dirasuki hantu-hantu komunis.

Cukup aneh, di tahun 2006, ketika Timor-Leste sudah merdeka, hantu-hantu ini bisa gentayangan lagi. Dan Socrates, kawanku, aku juga baru tahu, ternyata hantu ini punya sekutu baru—teroris!



Seputar golpe dalam terompet Miles Davis
Juli 12, 2006, 2:39 am
Diarsipkan di bawah: Catatan Dari Dili, Notes From Dili

Rahung Nasution

Malam itu aku sedang belajar menyimpan rindu. Terompet Miles Davis mengalun, Song Of Our Country dari album Sketches of Spain. “Coy, kasih tulisan tentang PM Jose Ramos-Horta, dong!” Rico Aditjondro, editor Paras Indonesia, memintaku lewat SMS.

Selama dua bulan terakhir kekacauan menimpa negeri yang mungil ini, aku hanya bisa menulis dua artikel, merekam beberapa footages ke dalam mini DV dan menulis beberapa penggal kalimat yang belum selesai menjadi puisi. Sunyi merayap lewat ujung bedil / Bayang senja memudar di Ponte Cais / Masing-masing mengusung kerandanya / Menuju Santa Cruz.

Dan di sana, di tahun 1991, di makam Santa Cruz, Max Stahl merekam satu peristiwa. Tentara Indonesia dengan brutal membantai ratusan pemuda yang menginginkan Timor-Leste merdeka. Sekarang pada tembok makam yang bersebelahan dengan Taman Makam Pahlawan yang ditinggalkan Indonesia, ada grafiti muram, “penderitaan orang Timor kapan berakhir” dan pada sebuah nisan, “Viva Alfredo ho Salsinha” “Alfredo Loromonu”. Terimakasih pada Mbak Ati dari Jakarta Post dan Nug Katjasungkana yang memotret kedua grafiti tersebut.

Major Alfreido Reinado adalah loyalis Presiden Xanana Gusmão dan salah satu pimpinan tentara pemberontak yang memaksa Mari Alkatiri mengundurkan diri. Letnan Gastão Salsinha adalah juru bicara 591 tentara petisioner yang dipecat panglima Falintil-FDTL karena alasan indisipliner, meninggalkan markas tanpa izin.

“Saya tidak percaya pada demokrasi. Saya ingin kediktatoran seperti di jaman Salazar,” kata Antero Rodrigues minggu yang lalu ketika kami mengunjunginya di Lospalos, menyingkir dari desas-desus dan fitnah yang merajalela di Dili. Dua anaknya, Paula dan Nuno Rodrigues, jadi amuk sasaran demonstran yang berkomplot untuk menjatuhkan PM Mari Alkatiri.

Tentu tidak ada yang salah dengan demokrasi. Dan Antero Rodrigues adalah generasi ‘75 yang hidup di tiga jaman yang berbeda—kolonialisme Portugis, invasi Indonesia dan Timor-Leste yang merdeka. Anaknya, Paula Rodrigues, penanggungjawab umum RTTL bersama reporter lainnya dicari-cari sekelompok orang karena public broadcasting ini menyiarkan demonstrasi Fretilin pro Alkatiri. Rumah Jacob Fernandes, wakil presiden Parlemen Nasional dari bancada Fretilin yang munguasai mayoritas kursi di parlemen dibakar kelompok anti Fretilin.

Nuno Rodrigues, aktivis Institutu Edukasaun Popular yang mendukung beberapa kebijakan politik Alkatiri, dituduh membagi-bagikan duit kepada demonstran pro-Alkatiri. Dua kawan militan Fretilin asal Lospalos, Pedrito Vieira dan Maleve, dituduh memiliki senjata. Nug Katjasungkana, aktivis Fortilos, yang dalam beberapa tahun terakhir ini bekerja untuk solidaritas Timor-Leste dan menetap di Dili, dituduh menyimpan senjata Maleve, di kamar tumpangan yang diberikan oleh Asosiasi HAK.

Kediktatoran adalah sesuatu yang menakutkan dan Alkatiri dipaksa mundur melalui cara-cara yang tidak demokratis. Dua minggu yang lalu, ketika memasuki kota Dili, di kawasan Bidau, rombongan pendukung Alkatiri dihadang demonstran tandingan. “Mereka membawa senjata dan akan membunuh kami,” lapor kelompok anti Fretilin kepada tentara Australia sambil memaki-maki Presiden Fretilin Lu Olo dan Sekertaris Jenderal Mari Alkatiri. Di kawasan Becora kelompok anti Fretilin siap-siap dengan panah.

Konvoi pendukung Alkatiri melambaikan tangan dari atas bus dan truk yang mengangkut mereka dari arah Metinaro. Sekelompok pemuda anti Fretilin mulai melakukan perusakan kios-kios di sepanjang jalan Bidau. Ada yang sedang menyulut api. Sebelumnya mereka berteriak-teriak, “Viva Xanana Gusmao!”

Ya tidak ada yang salah dengan demokrasi, dan kediktatoran adalah sesuatu yang menakutkan. Karena Alkatiri keturunan Arab dan beragama Islam, maka demonstran anti Fretilin memaki-maki “Alkatiri teroris”. Karena selama 24 tahun Alkatiri exil di Mozambique untuk menggalang dukungan bagi kemerdekaan Timor-Leste dari negara-negara Afrika dan Timur Tengah, maka Alkatiri dituding “Komunis-Mozambique” dan “Alkatiri bukan orang Timor”. Namun, Alkatiri tetaplah Alkatiri—Pendiri Fretilin, pada tahun 1970an bersama José Ramos-Horta membangun gerakan bawah tanah menentang kolonialisme Portugis dan merupakan salah satu penggagas Magna Carta CNRT.

Malam itu, sebelum Rico mengirim SMS dan sebelum terompet Miles Davis mengalun, kami menyaksikan pelantikan Dr. José Ramos-Horta lewat televisi yang disiarkan RTTL. “Saya bukan perdana menteri yang dipilih rakyat. Saya ditunjuk oleh presiden dan partai mayoritas Fretilin,” begitu PM José Ramos Horta dalam pidato pengangkatannya di Palácio das Cincaz (Istana Debu) yang dihadiri anggota parlemen, diplomat asing, Comandante Railos (yang menuduh Alkatiri membagi-bagi senjata kepada mereka untuk mebunuh lawan-lawan politik Alkatiri). Dan pelantikan ini hanya dihadiri sebagian kelompok oposisi (selain menuntut Alkatiri mundur mereka juga menuntut agar Presiden Xanana Gusmão membubarankan parlemen dan segera membentuk pemerintahan ‘junta’ Persatuan Nasional).

Pengangkatan PM José Ramos-Horta, peraih Nobel perdamaian dan pendukung Perang Irak, merupakan kompromi politik dari partai mayoritas Fretilin dengan Presiden Xanana Gusmão. Ramos-Horta akan memerintah selama 8 bulan melanjutkan pemerintahan Alkatiri yang menolak hutang pada Bank Dunia, keras dalam negosiasi dengan Australia atas kekayaan minyak dan gas di Celah Timor, menjalin kerjasama bilateral dengan Kuba dengan mendatangkan dokter-dokter ke Timor-Leste dan mengirimkan ratusan mahasiswa belajar kedokteran ke Kuba. Alkatiri juga menjengkelkan kalangan pengusaha Timor-Leste yang menginginkan sektor swasta menjadi prioritas pembangunan dan dana minyak disalurkan untuk kepentingan mereka.

“Saya akan berkonsultasi dengan presiden dan Fretilin yang mengusulkan saya,” lanjut Ramos-Horta dalam pidato pelantikannya. Adapun anggaran yang diajukan ke parlemen adalah anggaran yang dipersiapkan Alkatiri sebelum dipaksa mundur. Ramos-Horta akan dibantu oleh dua wakilnya, Estanislau da Silva (Fretillin) dan Rui Maria de Araújo (independen) yang juga merupakan usulan dari Fretilin.

Seperti yang diramalkan banyak orang, Ramos-Horta memang favorit Australia, Bank Dunia dan IMF. Awalnya juga oleh kalangan oposisi dan tentara pemberontak. Namun langkah untuk membubarkan parlemen dan membentuk junta mungkin terlalu berisiko bagi presiden Xanana Gusmão. Kiranya bayangan apa yang ada di kepala kita jika presiden Xanana Gusmão mencampakkan konstitusi dengan membentuk pemerintahan junta dan menyinkirkan Fretilin yang menguasi separuh kursi lebih di parlemen—seperti Chile di jaman Agusto Pinoche?

Maaf coy, aku tidak bisa menulis banyak tentang perdana menteri yang baru ini. Untuk sementara aku memilih diam dan mendengar lebih banyak. Sebab dua minggu yang lalu tentara pemberontak dan barisan oposisi mengelu-elukan bahwa “hanya presiden Xanana Gusmão dan Jose Ramos-Horta yang mampu menyelesaikan krisis ini!”

Saat ini, pada media massa, kelompok oposisi (melalui ketua Partai Demokratik, Fernando Lasama) dan tentara pemberontak (Mayor Tara dkk) mengatakan bahwa pemerintahan Ramos-Horta ilegal dan inkonstitusional karena merupakan kelanjutan dari pemerintahan Alkatiri. Bahkan ada yang mengatakan Ramos-Horta juga merupakan klik Maputo (Mozambique). Kelompok pengusaha tidak senang dengan Estanislau da Silva yang ditunjuk sebagai wakil perdana menteri.

Sungguh, coy! Kali ini aku hanya ingin belajar menyimpan rindu, jatuh cinta lagi dan memikirkan kawan-kawan kita sambil mendengar terompet Miles Davis. Kali ini dari album Kind of Blue, So What.



L’etat c’est moi
Juli 5, 2006, 12:52 pm
Diarsipkan di bawah: Catatan Dari Dili, Notes From Dili

Rahung Nasution

“The victory of comrade Lu Olo and I did not just shake up Timor-Leste, but has affected other places too,” said Prime Minister Marí Alkatiri in his speech at the closing of the Fretilin Congress on May 19. Four days later, fighting erupted in Fatuahi, the eastern edge of the city of Dili, between rebel forces led by Major Alfreido Reinado and the Falinitil-FDTL. This was followed by dissension in the ranks of the PNTL (National Police of Timor-Leste) which triggered further social unrest and ultimately the returned presence of international troops, led by Australia, in Timor-Leste.

On Friday, June 6, 2006 from his stronghold at the former Portuguese colonial villa, Pousada de Maubisse, in the cool mountainous region in central Timor-Leste, Major Alfredo Reinado, together with members of his force, handed over eighteen M-16 automaticrifles, four pistols, four improvised firearms and thousands of rounds of ammunition to Australian troops.

For the last two months, from his scenic hideout ‘round gardens of blooming flowers, Reinado had issued demands for “justice”, encouraged the overthrow of PM Marí Alkatiri , met with political figures and been interviewed by foreign and Timorese journalists who then described him as a man whose popularity rivals that of President Xanana Gusmão and Foreign Minister Ramos Horta. Australian and Indonesian media wrote favourable reports and cranked up the popularity of this leader of the military revolt. Journalist David O’Shea from SBS Australia described him as a smart, savvy military figure, a future leader who had trained in Australia.

After handing over the weapons, Major Reinado, a mid-level officer who left his post after an April 28 incident in Tasi Tolu, dismissed claims that he is being steered. To this day, “I have remained a soldier, obedient and loyal to the commander-in-chief, President Xanana Gusmão”, said Reinado to journalists during the handover of weapons. This position was reiterated by Major Tara and Major Marcos Tilman who also left their posts to join the opposition in the Ermera district.

If Major Alfredo Reinado and the members of his group who left their posts are soldiers obedient and loyal to President Xanana Gusmão, the Australian, Indonesian and Timor-Leste media have ganged up on Alkatiri and depicted him as an arrogant “Mozambique Marxist” who has dragged Timor-Leste to become a failed state.

As the arrogant “Mozambique Marxist” leader governing the “failed” Timor-Leste, in the 49 months of his government, Alkatiri has scored achievements that displeased many. Canberra has been frustrated by Alkatiri’s tough negotiating stance on oil and gas in the Timor Sea. Opposition parties, 20%-strong in the parliament, were irritated and have constantly undermined Alkatiri’s government for his reluctance to share power. Even Alkatiri’s comrades in Fretilin from the pro-market mudança (reform) group – who were unequivocally defeated in the last congress led by José Luis Guterres – were also upset because Alkatiri wanted to restrict the private sector.

“Your claims [for oil rights] go almost to Alice Springs. You can demand that forever for all I care … We are very tough. We will not care if you give information to the media. Let me give you a tutorial in politics—not a chance.” That was how Canberra regime bullied Alkatiri through its Foreign Minister Alexander Downer. However, due to the firm stand of the Dili negotiating team led by PM Marí Alkatiri, in two difficult rounds of negotiations, Timor-Leste received 50:50 rights to the rich oil and gas field of Greater Sunrise (Canberra’s originally proposed 18:82). Dili also wrestled 90:10 from the original 80:20 proposed by Canberra for the Bayu Undan, Elang Kakaktua and surrounding fields. An interesting political lesson indeed. Small, impoverished Timor-Leste faced off with Australia, who had promoted itself as the United States’ Deputy Sheriff in the Asia-Pacific region, and came out ahead.

In line with Australian and American policy, the World Bank has been overseeing funds from donor countries for Timor-Leste reconstruction projects. Projects that began during this transition period have been very beneficial to the private sector. Several government efforts to improve public services, such as plans to establish a public transportation company, electrical utility and national oil enterprises, were thwarted by the World Bank which prefers these sectors run by private companies.

Even while refusing to submit to economic growth policies, Alkatiri’s impoverished government managed to provide free education to the people of Timor-Leste from primary to secondary levels complemented by nutrition improvement programs by providing free meals to students at school. Through bilateral cooperation with the Cuban government, Alkatiri brought in hundreds of Cuban doctors to remote parts in Timor-Leste to provide free health services. The government also sent hundreds of Timorese students to Cuba to study medicine and founded a medical school at the Timor-Leste National University.

The latest issue which angered the private sector to the breaking point of tolerance is the creation of the Petroleum Fund. This fund was created to manage the wealth from oil and gas in order to prevent the “oil curse” – war and acute poverty which often creates a petro-dollar crisis. Proceeds received is managed transparently using a Norwegian system where 90% of the funds are obligated to go into the Federal Reserve Bank in the United States of America for long-term needs, and 10% of the funds will be used for government projects and invested in the public sector. The private sector opposed this system. They want oil wealth to be distributed and used for developing the private sector. Does Timor-Leste President Xanana also oppose these policies?

Over the last several weeks the political situation has become increasingly tense. President Xanana publicly attacked Alkatiri in a one-and-a-half-hour speech broadcast on RTTL on Thursday, June 22, 2006. In this state address, the president asked Fretilin militants to reconsider Fretilin’s leadership, who, in his opinion, was chosen by an undemocratic congress last month. President Xanana also expressed his disappointment and his loss of faith in Alkatiri who had been unable to end the current crisis.

The previous evening, the president expressed this disappointment in a letter he wrote to Alkatiri asking him to step down after watching ABC Australia’s “Four Corners” television program. In this investigative programme, Alkatiri was accused of involvement with former Internal Affairs Minister Rogério Lobato (who is currently under house arrest and undergoing hearings in Dili courts) in creating a Fretilin Secret Security Force. Alkatiri, forcefully denied these accusations by the leader of this Secret Security Team, Railos. Alkatiri also asked the United Nations to immediately undertake an investigation of the accusations against him.

A coup d’etat to unseat him from power is now apparent, just as Alkatiri thought. The president has appeared before demonstrators. “Alkatiri is a terrorist and communist,” yelled protestors led by opposition representatives Major Tara, Major Marcos and Railos, who now are mobilizing the overthrow of Alkatiri and the dissolution of the parliament. As the highest commander, the person responsible for the country’s sacurity and the “guardian of the constitution”, President Xanana has openly said to the Timor-Leste people, particularly to the Fretilin militants, “choose me or Alkatiri.”

If today, tomorrow or the day after tomorrow PM Alkatiri is successfully forced to step down through undemocratic means, then the Portuguese government’s warning of a possible conspiracy involving Australia and internal Timor-Leste elements may prove true. Then this new country will be condemned to become a banana republic in the Asia-Pacific region and have a leader who can, whenever he feels like it, threaten, “L’etat c’est moi” – the country is me. And whoever doesn’t submit may step aside …



Negara Adalah Saya
Juni 24, 2006, 3:55 am
Diarsipkan di bawah: Catatan Dari Dili, Notes From Dili

Rahung Nasution

“Kemenangan kamarada Lu Olo dan saya bukan hanya membuat bumi Timor-Leste terguncang, tapi juga di tempat-tempat lain,” begitu bunyi pidato PM Mari Alkatiri pada penutupan kongres Fretilin, 19 Mei lalu. Empat hari kemudian, meletus pertempuran di Fatuahi, pinggiran timur kota Dili, antara tentara pemberontak yang dipimpin Mayor Alfreido Reinado dengan Falintil-FDTL. Pertempuran ini kemudian disusul dengan terjadinya perpecahan di tubuh PNTL (Polisi Nasional Timor Leste), memicu kerusuhan sosial dan akhirnya mengundang kehadiran kembali pasukan internasional di Timor-Leste, dipimpin pasukan Australia.

Pada hari Jumat, 6 Juni 2006, dari basis kekuatannya di villa peninggalan kolonial Portugis yang sejuk di kawasan pegunungan sektor tengah Timor Leste, Pousada de Maubisse, Mayor Alfredo Reinado bersama anggotanya menyerahkan 18 pucuk senjata otomatis jenis M-16, empat pistol, empat senjata rakitan dan ribuan amunisi kepada pasukan Australia.

Selama dua bulan terakhir, dari tempat yang asri dengan bunga-bunga yang semerbak di taman, Mayor Alfredo Reinado menuntut ‘keadilan’, menganjurkan penggulingan PM Mari Alkatiri, melakukan pertemuan dengan tokoh-tokoh politik dan juga diwawancarai jurnalis dalam dan luar negeri yang kemudian mengekspos Mayor Alfredo sebagai figur yang tak kalah populernya dengan presiden Xanana Gusmão dan menteri luar negeri Ramos Horta. Media-media Australia dan Indonesia melakukan reportase yang menguntungkan dan mendongkrak popularitas pimpinan tentara yang memberontak ini. Jurnalis David O’Shea dari SBS Australia, menyebutnya sebagai tokoh militer yang cerdas dan merupakan pemimpin masa depan yang mendapat pelatihan-pelatihan dari Australia.

Sesaat setelah penyerahan senjata, perwira menengah yang meninggalkan markas—setelah terjadi insiden Tasi Tolu pada 28 April, menolak klaim bahwa dirinya disertir. Selama ini, “Saya tetap sebagai tentara yang patuh dan loyal pada panglima tertinggi, presiden Xanana Gusmão”, ungkap Mayor Alfredo Reinado pada jurnalis di sela-sela penyerahan senjata tersebut. Begitu juga yang diungkapkan oleh Mayor Tara dan Mayor Marcos Tilman yang menyusul meninggalkan markas untuk bergabung dengan kalangan oposisi di distrik Ermera.

Jika Mayor Alfredo Reinado dan anggotanya yang meninggalkan markas merupakan tentara yang patuh dan loyal pada presiden Xanana Gusmão, maka media-media di Australia, Indonesia, juga di Timor-Leste mengeroyok Alkatiri dan menggambarkannya sebagai ‘Marxist Mozambique’ yang arogan, yang menyeret Timor Leste menuju failed stated, negara gagal.

Sebagai ‘Marxist Mozambique’ yang arogan dan memerintah Timor-Leste yang ‘gagal’, Alkatiri, dalam 49 bulan pemerintahannya membuat beberapa prestasi yang tidak menyenangkan banyak kalangan. Canberra gerah karena Alkatiri keras dalam negosiasi tentang minyak dan gas di Laut Timor. Partai-partai oposisi, yang hanya memiliki 20 % suara di parlemen, jengkel dan terus-terusan merongrong pemerintahan Alkatiri sejak diawal pemerintahan ini dibentuk karena Alkatiri enggan berbagi jatah kekuasaan. Kamerad-kamerad Alkatiri sendiri di Fretilin dari kelompok mudança (perubahan)—yang kalah telak di kongres yang lalu yang dipimpin José Luis Guterres—dan pro kebijakan pasar juga marah karena Alkatiri ingin mempersempit gerak sektor swasta.

“Biarpun Anda berteriak keras dan klaimu terdengar sampai ke Alice Spring dan memberi informasi pada media, sikap kami tetap… Biarkan kami memberi Anda sebuah pelajaran politik—bukan sebuah kemungkinan”, begitu rezim Canberra menggertak Alkatiri melalui menteri luar negerinya Alexander Downer. Namun karena keteguhan tim negosiasi Dili yang dipimpin PM Mari Alkatiri, dalam dua kali putaran negosiasi yang alot, Timor-Leste mendapatkankan haknya 50:50 atas kekayaan minyak dan gas di ladang Greatest Sunrise (awalnya Canberra mengajukan 18:82). Dili juga memenangkan 90:10 dari 80:20 yang diajukan Canberra untuk ladang Bayu Undan, Elang Kakaktua dan sekitarnya. Sebuah pelajaran politik yang menarik. Timor-Leste yang kecil dan miskin berani menghadapi Australia yang telah mengangkat dirinya sebagai Deputy Sheriff Amerika Serikat di kawasan Asia-Pasifik.

Sejalan dengan kebijakan Australia dan Amerika, Bank Dunia mengelola dana proyek-proyek rekontruksi Timor-Leste yang bersumber dari negara-negara donor. Proyek-proyek rekonstruksi yang berlangsung pada masa transisi ini sangat menguntungkan sektor swasta. Berbagai usaha pemerintah untuk meningkatkan pelayanan publik, seperti rencana mendirikan perusahaan transportasi publik, perusahaan listrik dan rencana mendirikan perusaahan minyak negara, mendapat hambatan yang keras dari Bank Dunia yang menginginkan sektor tersebut diurus oleh swasta.

Di tengah permasalahan kemiskinan, dengan tidak tunduk pada kebijakan pertumbuhan ekonomi, pemerintah Alkatiri memberi pelayanan pendidikan secara gratis kepada rakyat mulai dari tingkat dasar sampai menengah dibarengi dengan program perbaikan gizi dengan menyediakan makanan bagi siswa-siswa di sekolah. Melalui kerjasama bilateral dengan pemerintah Cuba, Alkatiri mendatangkan ratusan doketer Cuba ke pelosok-pelosok Timor-Leste yang memberikan pelayanan kesehatan gratis. Pemerintah juga mengirimkan ratusan mahasiswa Timor-Leste belajar kedokteran ke Cuba dan mendirikan fakulutas kedokteran di Universitas Nasional Timor-Leste.

Satu persoalan baru yang membuat kalangan sektor swasta cukup marah dan tidak bisa lagi mentolerir Alktiri adalah pembentukan Petroleum Fund. Lembaga dana yang akan mengelola kekayaan pendapatan minyak dan gas ini dibentuk untuk menghindari kutukan minyak yang sering mengakibatkan kemelut petrodolar—perang dan pemiskinan yang akut. Dana yang diperoleh dikelola secara transparan dengan mengadopsi sistem Norwegia. 90 % dana akan diobligasikan di Federal Reserve Bank di Amerika Serikat untuk kepentingan jangka panjang. 10 % dana digunakan untuk proyek-proyek pemerintah dan diinvestasikan ke sektor publik. Pihak swasta menentang hal ini dan menginginkan kekayaan minyak dibagi-bagikan, dan untuk mengembangkan sektor swasta. Apakah presiden Xanana juga menentang berbagai kebijikan ini?

Minggu-minggu terakhir ini tensi politik semakin tinggi. Secara terbuka presiden Xanana ‘menghajar’ Alkatiri lewat pidato sepanjang satu setengah jam yang disiarkan RTTL pada Kamis malam, 22 Juni 2006. Dalam pidato kenegaraan tersebut, presiden meminta pada militan Fretilin untuk memikirkan kembali kepemimpinan Fretilin yang menurut presiden dipilih melalui kongres yang tidak demokratis pada bulan yang lalu. Presiden Xanana juga mengungkapkan kekecewaannya dan hilang kepercayaan pada Alkatiri yang tidak punya kemampuan menyelesaikan krisis ini.

Pada malam sebelumnya, kekecewaan tersebut dituangkan presiden melalui surat kepada Alkatiri yang meminta kesedian Alkatiri untuk mengundurkan diri setelah presiden menyaksikan program televisi ABC Australia, 4 Corners. Dalam siaran investigasi itu, Alkatiri dituding terlibat dengan mantan menteri dalam negeri Rogério Lobato (yang kini berada dalam tahanan rumah dan menjalani proses hearing di pengadilan Dili) dalam membentuk Tim Keamanan Rahasia Fretilin. Alkatiri menolak keras tudingan yang dilontarkan oleh Tim Keamanan Rahasia Fretilin yang dipimpin Railos tersebut. Alkatiri juga meminta kepada PBB untuk segera melakukan investigasi dan menyelidiki tudingan yang dialamatkan kepadanya.

Kini sudah mulai nampak jelas plot coup d’etat, seperti yang diyakini Alkatiri, terhadap kekuasaannya. Presiden telah muncul di hadapan demonstran yang berteriak-teriak “Alkatiri Teroris dan Komunis” yang dipimpin oleh pihak oposisi, Mayor Tara, Mayor Marcos dan Railos yang kini memobilisir penggulingan Alkatiri dan pembubaran parlemen. Sebagai komandan tertinggi dan penanggungjawab keamanan negara dan ‘penjaga konstitusi’, presiden secara terbuka telah menyatakan kepada rakyat Timor-Leste, khususnya kepada militan Fretilin “memilih saya atau Alkatiri.”

Jika hari ini, besok atau lusa PM Alkatiri berhasil dipaksa mundur, melalui satu mekanisme yang tidak demokratis, maka apa yang diperingatkan pemerintah Portugal sebagai konspirasi Australia dengan kalangan internal di Timor-Leste, akan menjerumuskan negara baru ini menjadi Banana Republic di kawasan Asia-Pasific dan Timor-Leste memiliki pemimpin yang kapan saja bisa menggertak, “L’etat c’est moi”—negara adalah saya. Dan yang tidak tunduk silakan menyingkir…



A People’s State Against A Capitalist’s State
Mei 24, 2006, 10:38 am
Diarsipkan di bawah: Notes From Dili

Grupu Estudu Maubere

When the occupiers left Timor-Leste after having been defeated in the 1999 referendum, the people of Timor-Leste entered a transitional phase to set up the independent state of Timor-Leste through the auspices of the UN. The transition period in Timor-Leste marked the first ever in history of UN's direct involvement in the governance of country.In carrying out its mandate as government, the UN handed the World Bank the job of managing Timor-Leste's reconstruction and development effort by administering the funds donated by UN member states. In October 1999 the World Bank established the Joint Assessment Mission to formulate a basic plan for Timor-Leste's reconstruction. The results of the assessment became the guide to the reconstruction of Timor-Leste. In carrying out the reconstruction program and establishing Timor-Leste's institutions, the leaders of the organisations which fought for independence under the CNRT were distanced and their only role became consultative.Even after sovereignty was handed over in May 2002, the UN and the World Bank ccntinued to hold on to this role. The involvement of the UN member states continued to grow through their advisors positioned within important government institutions as wll as through various programs that they presided directly such as agricultural rehabilitation, education and others. These programs were run by experts from their respective countries based on existing schemes and not based on adequate scientific studies of East Timorese conditions and capacity. The developed countries which dominate the UN and the World Bank are of the opinion that for underdeveloped countries like Timor-Leste, the economy must be handed totally to the private sector for them to develop. The role of the state is limited to assisting the private sector's development. If a state is active in the economic sector, it would be accused of meddling and endangering these countries' economic development.The government of the independent state of RDTL through the leadership of Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri has strived to turn Timor-Leste into a country truly independent by making its decisions based on the people's interest.

Opposing Privatisation

The government is not quick to accept programs introduced by international institutions, for example on the development of electrical energy. The World Bank, through the Asian Development Bank (ADB) wanted to channel funds but only under the condition that within 15 years, the electrical energy production ought to be privatised. The government rejected this initiative after taking into account the experiences from other poor countries where after having privatised their electricity energy production, electricity became accessible only to the rich. Electrical energy became a commodity which can be marketed to profit electrical companies without considering that the little people also also have a right to electricity for light. Thanks to the refusal to accept World Bank's proposals, today we still face problems relating to electricity services. However the government is close to success because in 2007, electrical energy development will start in order to respond the community's needs.

In the area of transport the Government wants to establish a public transport company so that the remote sucos can communicate with the city to meet their needs, such as marketing their agricultural products. But the World Bank is against this idea. Right now the government wants to set up a state company which will employ the small fishermen as the majority (share holders). Once again the World Bank is against this idea. The government hasn't been able to establish this venture because there isn't enough fund for it. When the revenue from the Timor Sea is adequate, there will be a better chance of establishing these state ventures which has the mission of supporting progress in people's life.

State Petroleum Company and Petroleum Fund

At the moment the government is undertaking plans to set up a state owned oil company. The aim of setting up this company is to make sure that all income from the oil and gas resources is spent towards the people. As part of this the government is studying other state owned oil companies such as that of Malaysia and other countries. The plan to set up this state owned company has been rejected by Timor-Leste businessmen (some of whom are members of Fretilin). These businessmen are cooperating with foreign businesses to compete in gaining access to the oil and gas revenues. In their opinion, the rights to manage these resources should be given to private companies arguing that these companies can manage the resources more efficiently and will benefit the government in terms of taxes and royalties. According to them a state owned company will not be as advantageous because government officials will embezzle the revenues through corruption. This is the same line of argument put forward by the World Bank in defence of privatisation.

It is true that in many countrie state owned companies never benefited the people because of massive corruption perpetrated by government officials. But this has occurred because these countries are rulled by auoritarian regimes. Government activities, including that of the state owned company, are never kept in check by the people. A way of preventing corruption inside the state owned company is through a direct people's control, through their representatives elected through democratic elections such as members of parliament. The Prime Minister understands this issue. That is why the revenues from oil and gas from Timor Sea are kept in the Petroleum Fund which can only be withdrawn by the National Parliament.

The Petroleum Fund is a financial management system drawn by Timor-Leste to manage its oil and gas resources in the Timor Sea. At the moment the revenue is being invested in the United States in form of US government bonds. The account is held in the name of Banking and Payment Authority (BPA) and is kept at the Federal Reserve of the United States. For the funds to be withdrawn, it must get the approval from the National Parliament together with a declaration from independent auditors on the revenues from the oil resources. This process is further controlled by a consultative councill called the Petroleum Consultative Councill to be made up by representatives of the National Parliament, non government organisations, religious institutions and the private sector. In the future this institution will also include former presidents of the republic, former speakers of the parliament, former prime ministers, former ministers of finances and former directors of BPA. The method of keeping the revenues at the Federal Reserve and their withdrawal ensures transparency and prevents corruption similar to other oil rich countries.

With respect to the use of revenues from the Petroleum Fund, Mari Alkatiri's political line is very clear and it concerns investments in the public sectors which benefit the people, such as free education, free health services, establishing state owned companies and undertaking new partnership programs with non government organisations.

The revenues generated from oil and gas are the main income for Timor-Leste as well as being the main capital for Timor-Leste's independence. These revenues, which will continue to grow, will empower the government to carry out programs that will benefit the Maubere People. Timor-Leste is following the path taken by Venezuela with regards to the use of oil revenues to empower the people. In Venezuela, the government led by president Hugo Chavez uses the revenues to eradicate illiteracy, provide health services to the people, develop agricultural and industrial cooperatives, as wll as assisting people of other countries in the health sector.

The revenues generated by the oil fields can also become a focal point of internal conflict. Some groups want the revenues used to develop the private sector. Perhaps this issue can become the basis for major contests inside the Fretilin Congress.

Against borrowing

Although there is not enough money to fund development, the Government of Mari Alkatiri has decided against borrowing from the World Bank. In fact the World Bank is inclined to make Timor-Leste a country with debt. This is due to the lessons Prime Minister Alkatiri learnt from other underdeveloped nations where the debts from the World Bank only benefited a small elite. In time, it will be left to the majority of those people to pay off the debts. Furthermore, countries which borrow money will loose their political independence as their political economy will be dictated by the World Bank. Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri and President Xanana Gusmão have rejected this option for Timor-Leste, an option which would only serve the current short term benefit of the elite at the expense of the future generations.

Health and Education

The Government of Mari Alkatiri recognises that development requires a healthy and educated population. Because of this the government gives priority to educationa and health. This is in line with the International Convention for Social, Economic and Cultural Rights which RDTL has signed, to which the United States, dubbed as the pioneer of human rights, has yet to ratify until today. We must be proud that as a new nation and poor, in just four years we are able to provide health and education services free of charge. Without these free services in health and education, only those with the means will be healthy and will be able to provide education for their children. Those without the means will continue to live with diseases and ignorance.

In providing free health services with a good quality, the government has cooperated with the Cuban government, whose country has high health standards and is welknown throughout the world. The Worl Bank also recognises the quality of health and education of Cuba which is comparable to industrialised countries like the Scandinavians, although Cuba is itself underdeveloped. Cuba has sent many volunteer doctors to assist in the provision of health in many remote sucos. They earn a monthly allowance of US$200. This earning is only a fraction compared to the "salaries" of doctors from other countries who are contracted to work in Timor-Leste for salaries of more than US$3000.

The Government of Timor-Leste sends hundreds of students to Cuba to study medicine. According to government plans, by 2015 Timor-Leste should be able to provide a doctor for every thousand members of the community. This doctor to population ratio will be higher than that of the United States (1 to 1400). The cooperation with Cuba is advantageous to Timor-Leste because the students' scholarships are funded by the Cuban government. The Timor-Leste government only provided funds to buy their return tickets to Cuba. This program indicates that the Department of Health has adequate plans for the health system and knows how to prepare the human resources for it.

The Government is also undertaking programs to improve mother and infant nutritions. Timor-Leste is known as a nation with high mother and infant mortality rate. This program is aimed at reducing the number of mother and infant mortality rate. It has just started in the districts of Liqui ça and Suai in cooperation of WFP and Oxfam Australia. It has been achieving some good results because since it improved the nutrition intake for the participating mother and infant.

Unfortunately in the area of education plans are not yet available for schools, from primary education to university. It is notable however, that non formal vocational education programs provided by the governments of Portugal and Brazil only prepares the participants to market their skills to companies. It does not prepare them to become independent and become a valuable member of the society.

There are a lot of criticism directed towards the area of education and health. This is to be expected as not everything that is good for the peope is tolerated by the elite class. Those who reject free education argue that this method will bring down the quality of schools and students will be less responsible for their education. This line of thinking is inaccurate. In Germany, education services from primary to tertiary are provided for free by the state. But Germany is also know for its high quality education system which attracts many students from countries all over the world to study from technology to philosophy and the arts.

Agriculture

In developing the agricultural sector, the government is trying to improve infrastructures such as irrigation and roads. However there are no discussions at the moment on how to organise communities to improve their production. Perhaps this has to do with the small government budget resulting from Worl Bank policies. An example of this is pasture. The government is not offering to provide free training for the people. According to plans, the World Bank will set up and organisation to train participants to become future trainers. The graduates will deliver these services to the people but at a fee. This clearly shows the World Bank's preference towards privatisation. Essentially the government should provide the services in this area so that it can be accessible to everyone. Otherwise only those with the resources will be able to access it. These measures also occur in other aspects of agriculture.

State: the instrument for the people's liberation vs the instrument to beef up the capitalists

These programs demonstrate that Mari Alkatiri's Government is fighting to make the state of independent Timor-Leste an instrument which serves the people and not the elite class. In the meantime the elite class is making a lot of profit through businesses in cooperation with foreign entrepreneurs, which want the state to become an instrument to serve the interests of the industrialists. They want the government to make an economic policy which can deliver opportunities to them. These objectives compelled them to become involved in political parties in order to define the policies of the state in line with their interests.

The businesses which are involved in these way are parasites. They turn the state into an instrument to exploit a country's resources as well as the people. Much like what has been happening at the moment, the exploitation of these resources is not used to develop activities that will benefit the people. It is used instead to serve for their own pleasures. They will not develop the economy of Timor-Leste because they don't have any long term economic plan. They only want to profit in the short term to support their lifestyle of excess and luxury.

They want Timor-Leste to give more priority to the private sector in its economic policies through the "neoliberal" multilateral financial institutions such as the World Bank and other developed nations currently running programs in Timor-Leste. They are of the opinion that a nation's progress can only be achieved when the running of the economy is handed totally to the private sector with the state's only role being that of supporting the private sector. If Timor-Leste economy is completely dominated by the private sector, the people of Timor-Leste will descend into a life of poverty and suffering in every aspect. But these won't be the only consequence, a new minority group will also emerge that will become richer and richer by day while the majority of the Timor-Leste people live in extreme poverty forever.

Mari Alkatiri's policies still remain true to the real objectives of Fretilin in setting the state as the instrument to free the pople from oppression, exploitation, ignorance and disease. These objectives are similar to the ones set out in the first Constitution drafted in 1975: "to dismantle the colonial structures in order to establish a new society free from domination and exploitation" (article 2, RDTL Constitution of 1975).

Right now there is a major clash between opposing ideals about an independent Timor-Leste: a state which serves the people versus a state which serves the interests of the business groups. This competition occurs in different sections, including within the government as well as inside Fretilin party itself. Our role in these debates is to make sure that the ideals of national liberation prevail by fighting for a State which belongs to the people, a people that dreamed of liberation of the Maubere People.

Farol, 16 May 2006.

This is a discussion compiled by the Grupu Estudu Maubere on Fretilin and the policies of the current Government of Timor-Leste. This document was put together on the eve of Fretilin's national congress. It is open for discussion and any comments or ideas are welcomed. Note that Grupu Estudu Maubere is no an organisation of, afiliated or associated with Fretilin. 



‘Failed State’ and the Rise of the Timor-Leste Burgeois
Mei 20, 2006, 1:10 am
Diarsipkan di bawah: Notes From Dili

Rahung Nasution

On Wednesday 24 of April 2006, in front of the Palacio das Cinzas (Palace of the Ashes), when two representatives from the protesting petitionary soldiers sacked by the Falintil-Força de Defesa de Timor-Leste (F-FDTL) led by First Lieutenant Gastão Salsinha met with president Xanana Gusmão to present their demands, Eric Campbell reported to Radio Australia: “The march began peacefully but soon turned into a violent ethnic clash as protestors attacked a market run by stallholders from the country’s eastern regions. 591 soldiers form the western regions were dismissed last month after they went AWOL (Absent Without Leave) claiming their commanders were favouring eastern soldiers.”

A day later, Suara Timor Lorosa'e (STL), a national paper published in Dili with a distribution of no more than 1000 copies, wrote two articles on the front page in Tetum and Indonesian, Demo Petisionariu Lao Ho Diak (The Petitioners' Demonstration Went Peacefully) and Keributan Warnai Aksi Demo F-FDTL 'Petisi' (F-FDTL 'Petitioner's' Action Marked by Unrest).

The framing of political messages presented by STL proved to be a fatal editorial blunder so that the two articles they produced are contradictive and cannot be trusted at all. One article reported that the Petitioner's Action Went Peacefully, where as on a separate column, another article reported F-FDTL 'Petitioner's' Action Marked by Unrest.

On Eric Campbell's report, the Australian public is led to believe in a 'fabricated' political event that there is severe unrest in Dili, which Campbell reported as an all out ethnic clash.

On the first day of demonstration by the petitionary F-FDTL soldiers, I covered this event along with tens of local and international journalists. Indeed disturbances did occur around Mercado Lama. A group of people at the market hurled stones against the demonstrators. This incidence occurred as a spontaneous reaction against the calls made by the demonstrator's sympathisers which they rejected, as testified by many journalists on that location. Another possibility is that the stone throwing could have been a concoction to encourage ethnic clash. And if the second assumption is right, then the stone throwing incidence has become a covert political agenda which seeks to create confrontation between the grassroots community of Timor-Leste.

Towards mid April Dili was abound with rumours through words of mouth, through SMS or mobile phones with the objective of fragmenting the Timor-Leste community into two camps: lorosa'e (easterners) versus loromonu (westerners). According to the rumour, this fracture would result in civil war. Initiating in these rumours without any clear indication of their origins, the Dili residents began their exodus by taking refuge in places that are deemed safe or by returning to their own home districts.

In February, before president Xanana Gusmão made his trip to Portugal, petitionary F-FDTL soldiers organised a protest action at the Palacio das Cinzas demanding a resolution to the problems of discrimination which they raised. Other than the President and the National Parliament, they also addressed their demands to foreign diplomatic representations in Timor-Leste. President Xanana urged them to return to their headquarters and to resolve this problem from within the F-FDTL institution. In March, the Chief of Staff of F-FDTL, Brigadier General Taur Matan Ruak announced the sacking of the 591 members of the F-FDTL under the pretext of indisciplinary action for abandoning the headquarters. The sacking was announced prior to the return of President Xanana Gusmão to Timor-Leste.

Through his state address which was broadcast by Radio no Televisaun Timor-Leste (RTTL), President Xanana viewed the decision taken by the F-FDTL headquarters as unjust; however as the head of the state, the president accepted that decision. In his address president Xanana also mentioned that the Chief of Staff of F-FDTL had said "If you want war, we'll make war." It is not clear when and under what circumstance were these words said. The president also mentioned the existence within F-FDTL that the loromonu were never involved in the struggle and that loromonu is composed of 10 districts, starting from Manatuto until Oecusse. It was from that moment that the issue of discrimination within the military institution raised by the petitionaries evolved to become rumours that there would be a civil war: the three districts from the east (Lospalos, Baucau and Viqueque) against the ten other districts. And different rumours also developed in the wider community. But no civil war erupted in Timor-Leste. The pro and contra with respect to the sacking of the members of F-FDTL continued to develop.

The petitionary soldiers, under the leadership of Gastão Salsinha, held demonstrations and general meetings starting from 24th of April demanding President Xanana to form a commission to investigate discriminatory practices within F-FDTL. On the fourth day, 28th of April, the action which started as a peaceful demonstration ended in violence. According to government's version, 4 civilians were killed; civilian houses were burnt, as well as a number of kiosks, in Taci Tolu and the Taibesi market. Furthermore, another action took place on the 8th of May in the Ermera where a member of the police force from the UIR (Rapid Intervention Unit) was killed. Other than demanding the government to settle the petitionary F-FDTL soldier's problems expeditiously, they also called for a general boycott of local government workplaces in 10 Timor-Leste districts. This call for boycott, launched with the objective of paralysing the government led by Mari Alkatiri never received any response from the public.

On its Tuesday 9th of May 2006 edition, the daily Kompas, a media establishment which has a large following in Indonesia, carried an article about Timor-Leste and "Failed States" which was written by Baiq LSW Wardhani, a staff lecturer in Political Affairs at the University of Airlangga (UNAIR), Surabaya. Once again, STL carelessly re-published this article in its opinion column thanks to the 'magic' of internet download technology. This attitude of this opinion piece was intellectually biased and attempted to change the opinion in Indonesia that the current political atmosphere in Timor-Leste is heading towards a failed state/disrupted state. Regrettably, STL published a piece which was biased and inaccurate from a foreign country about its own country.

Wardhani used the political "turmoil" in Timor-Leste as an indicator by arguing that "if the political turmoil keeps occurring, it will result in the fragmentation of the political elite and bring about a state of powerlessness within the state itself to settle its own conflicts, attracting foreign intervention" [“Jika kekacauan politik ini terjadi secara terus-menerus, maka akan terjadi fragmentasi elit politik yang menimbulkan ketidakmampuan satu negara untuk mengatasi konfliknya sehingga mengundang intervensi pihak asing.”]. In his analysis, Wardhani blamed the foreign countries, especially Australia for its double standards, which he described as an irresponsible "doctor" who has failed to assist the birth of this new nation. On the one side Australia tried to become god by helping, on the other side Australia tried to brutally dominate Timor-Leste's wealth in the Timor Gap, hence Wardhani's accusations.This argument showed the author's ignorance of the actual political situation in Timor-Leste when it underwent the transition towards an independent nation and its aftermath. Or it can be that this argument relied on rumours and hearsays which spread throughout the mass media, be it in Timor-Leste or in foreign media, particularly in Australia and in Indonesia. I myself suspect that this argument came from the disillusionment of the 'nationalist' camp in Indonesia which regretted the "separation" of Timor-Leste from the Republic of Indonesia. Does STL also regret this separation? If we look at the various factors in the East Timorese political events, there are no indications which could compel an examination into a failed or disrupted state. This discussion is irrelevant because the criteria of a failed state (a very market oriented theory) have not permeated the current Timor-Leste politics. Apart from political instability through permanent conflict between political, ethnic, religious and racial groups which occur in a state, the most important indicator which points towards a failed state is the process of systematic poverty. Of the various policies set out by the government of Timor-Leste in its development program, there are no indications to suggest that the state is powerless in its provision of public services. Evidently, Wardhani's analysis depended solely on the rumours which float around the mass media.
When the unrest took place on the 28th of April, with a number of vehicles set alight in front of the Palácio do Governo, there was an important event which nearly escaped media interest: President Xanana Gusmão and Prime Minister Alkatiri were at Hotel Timor to participate in a seminar organised by Forum Empresario Timor-Leste (Entrepreneur's Forum of Timor-Leste). It was an entrepreneur's forum supported by the US government's development body, USAID, through the Dezemvolve Setor Privada (Private Sector Development) program.

In the middle of the 'crisis' facing the Mari Alkatiri's government, on the 8th of May, the Minister for Development and Economy, Abel Ximenes (Larissina) resigned. Although there are sections which noticed the differences between Abel Larissina and Mari Alkatiri on the direction the nation is taking, Abel has denied it. Abel Larissina stated that he is concentrating on Fretilin to strengthen the party and as an entrepreneur, he will develop the strength of the private sector.

This week, 17-19th of May, Fretilin will hold its II National Congress. Abel Larissina and his group are an influential force in the congress which will elect and install a new president and a new general secretary of Fretilin, posts held currently by Lu Olo and Mari Alkatiri.As a new nation, Timor-Leste was formed through the involvement of various countries and was left with a range of lingering issues which require swift resolutions. The political differences in the formation of various state institutions suffered "stagnation" and Timor-Leste was "forced" to accept different policies which later on resulted in problems. Meanwhile, the ongoing process of reconciliation was also not responding to the demands for justice, which various sections struggled for.
One of the UN legacies which are quite problematic is the establishment of the armed forces institution, the F-FDTL. The UN established the armed forces of Timor-Leste following a study prepared by the King's College (England) in May 2000 and through the United Nations' Transition Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) Regulation No. 1 year 2001 (UNTAET/REG/2001/1). The F-FDTL institution was established through an agreement from the National Council which at the time was headed by Xanana Gusmão.

The recruitment process and the process of determining the military posts resulted in disappointment from various sections who viewed this process as unfair (Buletin La'o Hamutuk, Vol. 6 No. 1-2 April 2005). The transformation of Falintil, a national liberation army, into a regular army destroyed the relationship which evolved along the struggle. The relationship between the armed guerrilla fighter and the people along the history of resistance can be compared to that between the fish and the water. The fundamental relationship such as this was never considered as important in the process of establishing the F-FDTL institution.

The recruitment disadvantaged many guerrilla fighters who had for many years participated in the armed struggle, but could not pass the entry test for F-FDTL because of health and height prerequisites. Another problem was to do with military posts. There are those who had been commanders in the armed resistance but were made ordinary soldiers inside F-FDTL, whereas the younger recruit who had been helping them working as estafeta was elevated to the post of a captain. It's not clear if this has to do with the level of education or because of other reasons which are not connected to the previous Falintil struggle.

In the initial stages of the recruitment, F-FDTL recruited 600 people from guerrilla units. The former Falintil guerrillas who were not successful were integrated into the community through a Reintegration Program which was run by the IOM (International Organisation of Migration) and funded by the World Bank.

The process of reintegration also caused problems which were becoming more and more delicate. Prior to returning to their communities, the former Falintil guerrillas were equipped with crash courses and were given financial assistance to set up a small business. Many of the small businesses failed because of the limited management capacity. It could also be argued that their daily life while resisting in the jungle consisted only of matters related to war strategies. Mari Alkatiri himself, on the program Visaun Governu on RTTL, at the start of this month, voiced his dissatisfaction towards the process carried out in that moment.

In the meantime, the training and the education programs in F-FDTL were handed to foreign countries, especially from Australia and Portugal, which agreed to provide funding and send in military instructors.

If we look at the problematic process of establishing the F-FDTL institution, the demands of the 591 petitionary F-FDTL soldiers, which took on the issues of discrimination, do have a basis. However the issue of discrimination based on regionalism that they raised, soldiers from eastern regions versus soldiers from western regions, seemed to have missed the point. In fact, in the process of establishing this institution, there were many former guerrillas who chose not to be involved and returned to the community as a civilian because of their dissatisfaction for the process or personal choice. These former Falintil guerrillas could have come a western or an eastern region, for example the former commander Samba 9, secretary Renan Selac, commander Ernesto Dudu, commander Eli Foho Rai Boot, and others.

There is no basis for dumping these UN legacies or other past unresolved issues on the government of Mari Alkatiri. It is this type of misinterpretation that is frequently published in the Timor-Leste and Australian mass media, which view Mari Alkatiri's government as a source of all of the problems. The mass media does not recognise that in fact Alkatiri does attempt to minimise or even remove the overseas' forces which dominated the decision making in Timor-Leste for sometime.

Among the critiques directed at Alkatiri's government so far, be it from his own comrades within Fretilin or from the opposition groups, we have not seen a vision or an 'alternative' model for the development of this new nation. The attacks aimed at Mari Alkatiri often come from the disappointments and the failure to accommodate the bourgeois class in Timor-Leste. Even worse, there are sections that chose instead to raise the issue of his nationality, his race and his religion, which is Islamic.

The liberal democracy promoted by default by the UN turned political parties into electoral machines. When a party becomes an electoral machine, in this case Fretilin, it can't escape the democratic model in which popular participation is removed.

In 1975 Fretilin integrated the struggle for national liberation with people's liberation through cooperative programs, eradication of illiteracy and development of a national culture. At that time Fretilin became a people's political force with a clear vision about the future of an independente Timor-Leste. Unfortunately, these popular ideas which flourished in the 1970s are considered by many sections within Fretilin as outdated ideas. There is but a small Fretilin elite who continue to defend them, one of them is Mari Alkatiri.

Amid Fretilin's various shortcomings and the crushing different foreign interests, Mari Alkatiri struggled to find an 'alternative' path to the development of Timor-Leste. Indeed there is no room politically to follow the paths of Venezuela, Brazil or Bolivia. Nevertheless, having learnt from other countries, including Indonesia, Mari Alkatiri did not direct Timor-Leste towards borrowing from the World Bank or the IMF. This policy was not only opposed by the pro-market opposition parties, but it was also opposed by his comrades in Fretilin. At the moment a large number of Fretilin elite hold important positions in Mari Alkatiri's cabinet, one of them is Abel Ximenes Larissina, who later resigned.

Alkatiri's government's three priority sectors are education, agriculture and health which also became a target for other critics. Alkatiri's policy of bilateral cooperation with the governments of Cuba and China came frequently under scrutiny. Mari Alkatiri is accused wanting to tilt this new nation closer to China and Cuba which are 'communists'.

Through Timor-Leste's Departments of Health and Education, the government has sent hundreds of students to study medicine in Cuba; and Cuba has sent volunteer doctors to Timor-Leste to assist in the provision of health services in the clinics which are spread through out the thirteen districts.

In the non-formal sector of education, in response to an illiteracy rate of over 50% in the Timor-Leste community, the government is carrying out a program of illiteracy eradication. The Cuban government has sent mass education trainers who will be working alongside the local teachers at the community level.

Not surprisingly the negative voices coming from the opposition groups against Mari Alkatiri are reinforced through the political role played by the media. Even through the standards of a liberal media, the reporting by the Timor-Leste mass media on Mari Alkatiri and his policies are quite disturbing.

None of the criticism addressed to Mari Alkatiri—'who wants to tilt Timor-Leste closer to Cuba and China'—through mass media reports could be substantiated by the parties involved. For example in its reports about the Cuban medical services as having low standards, the newspaper never even interviewed the patients who received care from the Cuban doctors and nor interviewed the doctors themselves.

Other than bilateral cooperation with Cuba and China, actually the government of Timor-Leste also receives different types of assistance from other Western countries. In the justice and education sectors, the governments of Australia, the US and Portugal also provided financial assistance. Other Western government establishments also provide scholarships to Timor-Leste university students. If we make a comparison, the scholarships offered by these Western countries usually go to students who have finished their education in areas with little use to the community, and many of their graduates do not work for the people but work for international institutions operating in Timor-Leste.

A group of activists composed of university students and NGO workers in Dili, whom are known as the Farol Group, often 'labelled' as close to Mari Alkatiri because of their ideas and beliefs, recognises that the latest political contest is heading towards the consolidation of the bourgeois elite to remove Mari Alkatiri; be it an internal contest within Fretilin or at the upcoming 2007 general elections. This view was put forward at a discussion last Saturday 13th of May, which took place at the Institutu Edukasauun Popular to discuss the latest political development in Timor-Leste.

Not all of Mari Alkatiri's policies are supported by the Farol Group. The immigration act and the defamation law have caused apprehension among this group of activists. However if we look at the policies for the exploration of Timor-Leste's resources through the petroleum revenue from the Timor Gap, this group of activists is of the opinion it has a strong basis for.

In the Petroleum Laws, the Alkatiri government has attempted to avoid the 'resource curse' which has affected many poverty stricken countries rich in resources and oil, by creating a Petroleum Fund, an institution, which will exploit the national resources, known as the "Norway Plus".

Through the Petroleum Fund, 90% of the national wealth obtained from oil and gas is required to be invested for use in the long term. This requirement is aimed at avoiding the various problems which generally affected countries rich in oil and gas that suffered from domestic inflation which weakened their competitiveness to improve their national revenue.

The revenue from the Petroleum Fund will be stored into a bank account controlled by the BPA (Banking and Payment Authority). A parliamentary decree and a declaration by an independent audit are required in order to use the fund.

Other than managing the oil and gas resources resulting from the cooperation between Australian and Timor-Leste governments, the Alkatiri government also plans to set up a state venture which will cooperate with China, Malaysia and Brazil. This venture will be set up so that Timor-Leste can gain a bigger share of the revenue from oil fields currently in dispute with Australia.

At the moment Timor-Leste is one of the only poorest countries in the world that has no debt. Ten percent of the revenue from the Petroleum Fund will be used to develop education, health and agricultural programs through public sector investment.

The health services in Timor-Leste are free, as well as the cost of education from primary to secondary levels. This education policy will be implemented from the coming month of June.

In order to implement these development programs, the Alkatiri government is preparing a new model for cooperation which will involve the community sectors (local governments, the church and the civil society) through a New Partnership Program.

On the other hand, the bourgeois class, which is undergoing political consolidation, which during the transition period benefited from the exploitation of donor funds through the World Bank via the distribution of tenders to the private sector, is yearning for something different. And offcourse, with policies as outlined above, their interests will be hampered. Truly, a very alarming contest!

This is an unofficial translation of the original article, which was written originally in Indonesian Malay. The translator is responsible for all errors made in the translation. Translator: Alex Tilman (alextilman@gmail.com).